Comparative analysis of histogenesis and morphological histopathology in normal and abnormal human fetal cerebellum (20–23 gestational weeks)

Document Type

Article

Publication Title

Translational Research in Anatomy

Abstract

Background: The cerebellum plays crucial roles in motor coordination, cognition, and balance. During embryogenesis, its development is regulated by several genetic factors. Aberrant genetic expression leads to cerebellar anomalies, including inferior vermian hypoplasia (IVH) and cerebellar hypoplasia (CH). This study aimed to analyze the histo-morphological changes in abnormal human fetal cerebellar (HFC) tissues compared with their normal counterparts. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over one year with institutional ethical clearance. Twenty HFC tissues (10 normal and 10 abnormal) from 20 to 23 gestational weeks (GWs) were obtained postautopsy, fixed in formalin, and processed for histological analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed, and the samples were examined under a microscope for morphological differences. Results: Significant histo-morphological differences were noted between normal and abnormal HFC tissues: • Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation. • In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest. • CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration. • Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation. • In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest. • CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration. Conclusion: Histological comparison highlights developmental arrest and structural disorganization in IVH and CH cases. Understanding these differences is essential for increasing the knowledge of abnormal development and planning potential precautions prior to pregnancy in the future. Moreover, this study underscores the need for further research into fetal cerebellar anomalies to improve prenatal diagnostic techniques and potential therapeutic interventions.

DOI

10.1016/j.tria.2025.100443

Publication Date

11-1-2025

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