Corrigendum to “Repurposing chitin-rich seafood waste for Warm-water fish farming” [Heliyon 9 (7), (July 2023) Article e18197] (Heliyon (2023) 9(7), (S2405844023054051), (10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18197))

Document Type

Article

Publication Title

Heliyon

Abstract

In the original published version of this article, the conclusion section was missing. The conclusion can be found in the latest version in the EM system, and has been put in the relevant correction folder, and is additionally pasted below: 4. Conclusion and future prospectsFreshwater fish species form the foundation of multiple ecosystems and provide excellent value to the local community. A combination of various threats like untreated waste, unsustainable practices, and infectious diseases have threatened multiple freshwater fish species with extinction. Existing literature suggested extinction of 80 fish species, including 16 in 2020 alone [124]. The existing treatment of infectious diseases has attracted multiple issues, particularly the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rapid spread of resistant strains. Consequently, the antibacterial potential of natural substances is of tremendous interest. In order to develop aquaculture, scientists have continued looking for environmentally friendly, renewable, profitable, and biologically sustainable materials [125]. Oftentimes intensive operation systems are implemented for increasing fish production. However, in such systems, these marine species end up suffering from infections under high stress, which weakens their health and immunity. The main safeguard for the well-being of fish is the preservation of the intestinal walls. The innate and adaptive immunity of the fish's entire body is linked to the local immunity of the intestine [126]. A study has explained how chitosan can promote microvilli growth and can induce a healthy intestinal epithelium [127]. Chitin derivatives have made significant advancement as a future advent for the fish farming sector. In particular, chitosan has been widely explored clinically due to its biocompatible and biodegradable nature, making it a viable alternative for numerous applications. It has shown promising positive effects for a more sustainable approach to pisciculture. It is easily affordable, and mild preparation conditions have made it a strong candidate for industrial implementation. While chitosan is being extensively experimented with for motives like drug delivery, dietary supplementation, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, fish/seafood preservation; its derivatives are no less. With regards to the enhanced quality in properties of chitooligosaccharides i.e., water solubility and non-toxicity—it is being considered as a great molecule of interest in fish vaccination and food supplementation. Dietary supplementation of chitosan has been shown to increase meat quality, growth, and survival in a variety of animals. In terms of an immunomodulatory molecule, chitosan and its nano-formulations have been shown to increase resistance of these fish species to bacterial invasions, increase growth rate and reduce mortality rates at varying concentrations. As a future perspective, this application of chitosan can help in increasing the yield and availability, while decreasing the economic loss caused due to the same [128]. Literature suggests that certain freshwater species when supplemented with chitosan induce better fish immunity, higher antioxidant activity and lower lipid oxidation [127]. Similarly, when the chitosan-derived oligosaccharides were supplemented within the diet, it showed a better growth performance, activity of intestinal digestive enzymes and induced non-specific immunity in loaches [129]. To mitigate the susceptibility of antibiotics to bacterial resistance, future research can potentially focus on the development of various formulations, especially nanoformulations like nanofibers, hydrogels, etc. and perhaps with sustainable target drugs like antimicrobial peptides. The nanoformulations of chitin derivatives will ensure a sustained release of the encapsulated drug, thereby improving the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug [130]. Development of novel, unconventional fish meals that can support the physiological and biological activities of cultured fish is required to ensure continued growth in pisciculture. Although there are more advancements in this field catered towards immunization of fish, there can still be other possibilities present to expand its scope. Positive results from the numerous studies listed prove that future trends in fish farming can benefit from improved and more efficient chitosan formulations for enhancing the quality of breeding and consumption.

DOI

10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18873

Publication Date

8-1-2023

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