Spectrum of Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease — a Review
Document Type
Article
Publication Title
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology
Abstract
Motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and their management have been evaluated in numerous studies. Four classical symptoms, including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural abnormalities, are used to establish a clinical diagnosis of PD. However, this research is aimed at exploring the range of non-motor symptoms with an emphasis upon their ability to affect the patients with PD and their quality of life. With a slow onset of the known symptoms like tremor or rhythmic shaking of limbs called “pill-rolling tremor”, slowed movement (bradykinesia), muscle rigidity, stooped and altered posture, loss of the ability to blink or smile, and various speech and writing changes; the disease takes a leap into the non-motor symptoms like dementia, drooling, swallowing issues, difficulty urinating, and constipation. The dopaminergic pathophysiology of PD explains the anxiety, slowness of thought, fatigue, and dysphoria. Knowing the non-motor symptoms is crucial to help the clinician to make early diagnosis and to better understand the prognosis of the spectrum of this disease.
First Page
72
Last Page
80
DOI
10.17816/ACEN.1001
Publication Date
10-1-2024
Recommended Citation
Rizvi, Syed Zohair Husain; Palimar, Vikram; Gupta, Chandni; and Andrade, Lydia S., "Spectrum of Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease — a Review" (2024). Open Access archive. 9970.
https://impressions.manipal.edu/open-access-archive/9970
